Electric Vehicle Traction Batteries 2011-2021
Electric Vehicle Traction Batteries Market
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This comprehensive report has detailed assessments and forecasts for all the sectors using and likely to use traction batteries. There are chapters on heavy industrial, light industrial/commercial, mobility for the disabled, two wheel and allied, pure electric cars, hybrid cars, golf cars, military, marine and other. The profusion of pictures, diagrams and tables pulls the subject together to give an independent view of the future ten years. Unit sales, unit prices and total market value are forecast for each sector for 2011-2021. The replacement market is quantified and ten year technology trends by sector are in there too, with a view on winning and losing technologies and companies. This is the essential reference book for those who are anywhere in the hybrid and pure electric vehicle value chain. Those making materials, cells, battery sets or vehicles, researchers, legislators and market analysts will find it invaluable.
The whole picture
With vehicle traction batteries it is important to look at the whole picture and this report does it for the first time. The rapidly growing market for traction batteries will exceed $55 billion in only ten years. However that spans battery sets up to $500,000 each with great sophistication needed for military, marine and solar aircraft use. Huge numbers of low cost batteries are being used for e-bikes but even here several new technologies are appearing. The largest replacement market is for e-bikes today and the value market for replacement batteries will not be dominated by cars when these batteries last the life of the car – something likely to happen within ten years. The trends are therefore complex and that is why IDTechEx has analysed them with great care.
Vehicle manufacturers are often employing new battery technology first in their forklifts or e-bikes, not cars, yet there is huge progress with car batteries as well – indeed oversupply is probable in this sector at some stage. The mix is changing too. The second largest volume of electric vehicles being made in 2010 is mobility aids for the disabled but in ten years time it will be hybrid cars. The market for car traction batteries will be larger than the others but there will only be room for six or so winners in car batteries and other suppliers and users will need to dominate their own niches to achieve enduring growth and profits. Strategy must be decided now.
In this report, researched in 2010 and frequently updated, we analyze the successes, the needs, the statistics and the market potential for traction batteries for all the major applications. This has never been done before. It is important to look at the whole picture because traction battery manufacturers typically sell horizontally across many applications and electric vehicle manufacturers increasingly make versions for many applications – heavy industrial, on road, leisure and so on. Indeed, the smarter putative suppliers will choose the sectors that best leverage their strengths rather than join the herd and be obliterated by corporations of up to $100 billion in size enjoying prodigious government support.
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
1.1. Market 2011-2021
1.2. Replacement business
1.3. Price war
1.4. Massive investments
1.5. Largest sectors
1.6. Market for EV components
1.7. Who is winning in lithium-ion traction batteries – and why
1.7.1. The needs have radically changed
1.7.2. It started with cobalt
1.7.3. Great variety of recipes
1.7.4. Other factors
1.7.5. Check with reality
1.7.6. Lithium winners today and soon
1.7.7. Reasons for winning
1.7.8. Winner will be Toyota?
1.7.9. Lithium polymer electrolyte now important
1.7.10. Genuinely Solid State Traction Batteries
1.7.11. Winning chemistry
1.7.12. Titanate establishes a place
1.7.13. Laminar structure
1.7.14. Niche winners
1.7.15. Fluid situation
2. INTRODUCTION
2.1. Definitions, scope, history
2.2. The EV value chain
2.3. Pure electric vs hybrid vehicles
2.4. Battery cells, modules, packs
2.5. Construction of battery packs
2.5.1. Changing factors
2.5.2. NiMH vs lithium
2.5.3. Replacement traction battery pack market 2011-2021
2.5.4. Plug in hybrids take over from mild hybrids
2.6. Pure electric and hybrid converge
2.6.1. Two options converge
2.7. Fuel cells
2.8. The ideal car traction battery pack
2.9. Traction batteries today
2.10. First generation lithium traction batteries
2.11. Second generation lithium traction batteries
2.12. The future
2.12.1. Third generation lithium traction batteries
2.12.2. Trends in energy storage vs battery pack voltage
2.12.3. Companies wishing to make the new batteries
2.13. How to improve lithium traction batteries
2.13.1. Basic needs
2.13.2. Life
2.13.3. Safety
2.14. USA and Europe play catch up
2.15. Technological leapfrog
2.16. Academic research and small companies
2.17. Industrial leverage
2.17.1. Major funding can have strange impacts
2.17.2. Rapid profits for some
2.17.3. Impediments
2.18. Benefits of EVs
2.19. Traction battery design considerations
2.20. Future evolution of hybrids and pure electric cars
2.20.1. Specification changes
2.20.2. Move to high voltage
2.20.3. Battery performance over time – battery life
2.20.4. Battery state of charge
2.20.5. Depth of discharge affects life
2.20.6. Capacity rating
2.20.7. Daily depth of discharge
2.20.8. Charging and discharging rates
2.21. Requirements – hybrids vs pure electric
2.21.1. Plug in requirements align with pure electric cars
2.21.2. Hybrids need power and pure electrics need capacity – for now
2.21.3. Parallel hybrids differ
2.21.4. Plug in hybrids try to be the best of both worlds
2.21.5. Watt hours per mile
2.21.6. Charging rates
2.21.7. Custom packaging
2.22. Fast charging batteries and infrastructure
3. PROGRESS WITH NEW GENERATION LITHIUM TRACTION BATTERIES
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Lithium manganese
3.3. Lithium iron phosphate
3.4. Lithium air and lithium metal
3.5. Lithium sulfur
3.5.1. Other challenges
4. HEAVY INDUSTRIAL EVS
4.1. Examples of battery suppliers to this sector
4.1.1. GE USA
4.1.2. East Penn Manufacturing Corporation USA
4.1.3. Furukawa Battery Japan
4.1.4. Nissan lithium forklift Japan
4.1.5. Balqon lithium heavy duty vehicles USA
4.2. Listing of manufacturers
4.3. Market size
4.4. Heavy industrial traction battery market forecasts 2011 to 2021
5. LIGHT INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL EVS
5.1.1. Sub categories
5.1.2. Buses
5.2. Examples of battery suppliers to this sector
5.2.1. A123 Systems
5.2.2. Axeon UK
5.2.3. Eaton Corporation USA
5.2.4. KD Advanced Battery Group Dow USA Kokam Korea
5.2.5. Lithium Technology Corporation/GAIA USA
5.2.6. MAGNA STEYR AG & Co KG Austria
5.2.7. Valence Technologies USA
5.2.8. Lishen Power Battery China
5.3. Market drivers
5.3.1. Governments get involved
5.4. Importance of batteries and power trains
5.4.1. Freightliner and Enova
5.4.2. China Vehicles Company
5.4.3. Ford Transit
5.5. EVs for local services
5.6. Airport EVs
5.7. Small people-movers
5.8. Light industrial aids
5.8.1. Heavy duty on-road trucks become hybrids
5.9. Listing of manufacturers
5.10. Light industrial / commercial traction battery market forecasts 2011-2021
6. MOBILITY FOR THE DISABLED
6.1. Examples of battery suppliers to this sector
6.2. The sector with the most compelling and enduring need
6.3. Laws make mobility easier
6.4. Interchina Industry Group China
6.5. Market drivers
6.5.1. Geographical distribution
6.5.2. Zhejiang R&P Industry China
6.6. Listing of manufacturers
6.7. Mobility aid traction battery market forecasts 2011 to 2021
6.7.1. Growth by creating new markets
7. TWO WHEELED EVS AND ALLIED VEHICLES
7.1. Examples of battery suppliers to this sector
7.1.1. PowerGenix USA
7.1.2. ReVolt Technologies Ltd Switzerland
7.1.3. Toshiba Japan
7.1.4. Advanced Battery Technologies (ABAT) China
7.2. Batteries and specifications for two wheelers
7.2.1. Electric two wheelers prices and performance
7.2.2. Yamaha lithium Japan
7.2.3. Eko Vehicles lead acid scooters India
7.2.4. Honda lithium motorcycle Japan
7.2.5. Peugeot lithium scooter France
7.3. Hybrid motorcycles
7.3.1. YikeBike lithium New Zealand
7.4. The big winners in western markets
7.5. Listing of manufacturers
7.5.1. 70 examples of manufacturers
7.5.2. China
7.6. Two wheeled and allied traction battery market forecasts 2011 to 2021
8. GOLF EVS
8.1. Examples of battery suppliers to this sector
8.1.1. Change of leader? Ingersoll Rand and Textron USA
8.1.2. Suzhou Eagle and many others in China
8.2. Listing of manufacturers
8.3. Golf car and caddy traction battery market forecasts 2011 to 2021
9. CARS
9.1. Examples of battery suppliers to this sector
9.1.1. Automotive Energy Supply Japan
9.1.2. Panasonic EV Energy, Sanyo Japan
9.1.3. Blue Energy, Lithium Energy Japan – GS Yuasa Japan with Honda, Mitsubishi
9.1.4. Bollor France
9.1.5. Boston Power
9.1.6. BYD China
9.1.7. China BAK in China
9.1.8. Coda Battery Systems, Yardney USA, Tianjin Lishen China
9.1.9. Continental Germany and ENAX Japan
9.1.10. Ener 1/ Enerdel
9.1.11. Envia Systems USA
9.1.12. Hitachi Japan
9.1.13. IBM and National laboratories USA
9.1.14. Inci Holding Turkey
9.1.15. LG Chem Korea with Compact Power
9.1.16. LiFeBATT Taiwan
9.1.17. Li-Tec Evonik Industries Germany and Daimler
9.1.18. Mitsubishi Japan with Sumitomo Japan
9.1.19. Next Alternative Germany, Micro Bubble Technology Korea
9.1.20. Planar Energy Devices USA
9.1.21. Sakti3 USA and General Motors USA
9.1.22. SB LiMotive Co. Ltd – Samsung Korea with Bosch Germany
9.1.23. Sony Japan
9.1.24. Superlattice Power USA
9.2. Rapid increase in number of manufacturers
9.2.1. Examples of manufacturers
9.2.2. Recharging points
9.2.3. Battery changing points
9.2.4. Can the grid cope?
9.3. Car traction battery market forecasts 2011 to 2021
9.3.1. Total car traction battery market value 2011 to 2021
9.3.2. Battery pack market by car type 2010-2020
9.3.3. Hybrid battery prices
9.3.4. Replacement car traction battery pack market 2010-2020
10. PURE ELECTRIC CARS
10.1. Electricity solely for traction
10.2. Examples of pure EV cars
10.2.1. Nissan Leaf lithium Japan, UK, USA
10.2.2. Here come the Chinese – BYD, Brilliance, Geely, Chengfang
10.2.3. Jianghsu lead acid China
10.2.4. High performance pure lithium EVs – Tesla USA
10.2.5. Lightning lithium UK
10.2.6. Subaru Stella lithium Japan
10.2.7. REVA lead acid or lithium India
10.2.8. Club Car lead acid USA
10.2.9. Tara Tiny lead acid India
10.2.10. Mitsubishi iMiEV lithium Japan
10.2.11. Renault Nissan lithium France
11. HYBRID CARS
11.1. Construction and advantages of hybrids
11.1.1. Evolution
11.1.2. Frazer Nash Namir lithium UK
11.1.3. Chevrolet Volt lithium USA
11.1.4. Toyota Prius NiMH, lithium Japan
11.1.5. Fisker Karma lithium USA
12. MILITARY
12.1. Examples of battery suppliers to this sector
12.1.1. ABSL UK
12.1.2. Altair Nanotechnologies (Altairnano) USA
12.1.3. Electrovaya Canada
12.1.4. Hummer
12.1.5. Chrysler
12.1.6. Saft France, Johnson Controls USA
12.2. Examples of military EVs
12.2.1. Manned land vehicles.
12.2.2. Hummer lithium USA / China
12.2.3. Quantum Technologies lithium USA
12.2.4. US Army trucks etc – ZAP, Columbia ParCar USA
12.2.5. Oshkosh Truck Corp USA
12.2.6. Plug-in trucks – BAE Systems UK
12.2.7. Electric robot vehicles USA
12.3. In the air
12.3.1. Disposable surveillance aircraft
12.3.2. DARPA insects USA
12.3.3. COM-BAT lithium robot bat USA
12.3.4. Aerovironment electric aircraft USA
12.4. Examples of military EVs – in the water
12.4.1. Robot lithium jellyfish USA and Germany
12.5. Manufacturers of military EVs
12.6. Military traction battery market forecasts 2011 to 2021
13. MARINE
13.1. Examples of battery suppliers to this sector
13.1.1. Gavia Iceland
13.1.2. PolyPlus Battery USA
13.1.3. ThunderPower USA
13.2. Market segments
13.2.1. Total market
13.2.2. Underwater
13.2.3. On the water
13.3. Commonality with land EVs
13.4. Market drivers
13.4.1. Pollution laws back electric boats
13.5. Energy harvesting superyacht UK
13.5.1. Cleaner yachts – Valence, Bnteau
13.6. Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs)
13.6.1. Swimmers
13.7. Leisure and tourist submarines USA
13.8. Manufacturers by country and product
13.8.1. Examples of companies making electric water craft
13.9. Marine traction battery market forecasts 2011 to 2021
13.9.1. Surface and subsurface boat markets
13.9.2. AUV
14. OTHER EVS
14.1. Market drivers
14.2. Listing of manufacturers by country and product
14.3. Companies in the mobile robot and leisure sector
14.4. Electric aircraft for civil use
14.4.1. Sion Power USA – Aircraft batteries
14.4.2. Aircraft – Renault, Piccard
14.5. Other traction battery market forecasts 2011 to 2021
APPENDIX 1: GLOSSARY
APPENDIX 2: IDTECHEX PUBLICATIONS AND CONSULTANCY
TABLES
1.1. Numbers of vehicle traction batteries, in thousands, sold globally in new vehicles, 2011 to 2021, by applicational sector.
1.2. Ex factory unit price of traction battery packs, in thousands of US dollars, sold globally, 2011 to 2021, by applicational sector
1.3. Global market value of traction battery packs, in millions of US dollars, sold globally, 2011 to 2021, by applicational sector, rounded
1.4. Replacement market for traction battery packs in value $ million 2011 to 2021
1.5. Traction battery technologies in 2011, number percentage lead acid, NiMH and lithium
1.6. Traction battery technologies in 2021 number percentage lead acid, NiMH and lithium
1.7. Applicants to accelerate the manufacturing and deployment of the next generation of US batteries and electric vehicles
1.8. Main market drivers 2010-2020
1.9. Traction battery technology by applicational sector 2010 and 2020, examples of suppliers and trends
1.10. Breakdown of global market in 2010 for light industrial and commercial vehicles – global park, new vehicles, % electric, number of battery packs at one per vehicle, ex factory unit price and value for the subsections Buses, Other
1.11. Number of hybrid and pure electric cars plugged in and the total number in thousands 2010-2020
1.12. Components and subsystems fitted in new electric vehicles 2010-2020 in thousands
1.13. Highlights 2010-2020
1.14. What is on the way in or out with traction batteries
1.15. 70 vertically integrated lithium traction battery cell manufacturers, their chemistry, cell geometry and customer relationships (not necessarily orders)
2.1. Some ways to reduce the cost and increase the performance of lithium-ion car traction batteries
2.2. Improvement in cost and performance of hybrid and pure electric vehicle traction battery packs 2009-2020
2.3. Some reasons why ICE vehicles are replaced with EVs
3.1. Typical lithium iron phosphate traction battery
4.1. Twenty examples of manufacturers of heavy industrial EVs by country
4.2. Percentage split of global manufacture of heavy industrial trucks
4.3. Distribution of trade volume for heavy industrial EVs
4.4. Global league table of powered industrial truck manufacturers 2010 by value of sales
4.5. Global sales of heavy industrial battery sets at one per vehicle, by numbers, ex factory unit price and total value 2011 to 2021, rounded.
5.1. 150 manufacturers of light industrial and commercial EVs and drive trains by country and examples of their products
5.2. Global sales of light industrial and commercial vehicle traction battery sets at one per new vehicle by numbers thousands, ex factory unit price in thousands of dollars and total value in billions of dollars 2011 to 2021, rounded
5.3. Breakdown of global market in 2010 for light industrial and commercial vehicles – global park, new vehicles, % electric, number of battery sets at one per new vehicle, ex factory unit price and value for the subsections Full Size
6.1. The continental percentage split of markets for vehicles for the disabled by value in 2010
6.2. The percentage split of market for vehicles for the disabled by country within Europe
6.3. The numbers in thousands of scooters plus power chairs that were and will be sold in Europe 2005 to 2015
6.4. The percentage distribution of manufacture between Taiwan and Mainland China by value of vehicles for the disabled 2005, 2010 and 2015
6.5. Market for EVs for the disabled by geographical region, ex works pricing and percentage split in 2005, 2010 and 2020
6.6. 83 examples of manufacturers of EVs for the disabled by country
6.7. Global sales of traction battery sets used in mobility aids for the disabled at one set per new vehicle, by number, ex factory unit price in thousands of dollars and total value in billions of dollars, 2011 to 2021, rounded
7.1. Prices and performance of electric two wheelers
7.2. 70 examples of manufacturers of two wheel EVs and electric quad bikes
7.3. Largest suppliers of electric bicycles by number (not in order)
7.4. 34 sources of two wheelers in China by brand, region and battery chemistry
7.5. Listing of light electric scooter makers in China. Most use lead-acid battery chemistry but there is a move to lithium-ion batteries
7.6. Global sales of two wheel and allied battery sets at one per new vehicle, number, ex factory unit price in thousands of dollars and total value in billions of dollars 2011 to 2021, rounded
7.7. Global Replacement market for traction battery packs for two wheel vehicles in value $ million 2010-2020
8.1. 18 examples of golf EV manufacturers
8.2. Global sales of electric golf car battery sets in number at one per new vehicle, thousands, ex factory unit price in thousands of dollars and total value in billions of dollars 2011 to 2021, rounded.
8.3. Geographical split of golf EV sales by value 2010, 2015, 2020
9.1. BYD financials
9.2. 121 examples of manufacturers of electric cars including pictures of many Chinese electric cars
9.3. IDTechEx projection for total car traction battery pack sales in $ billion 2011 to 2021
9.4. T 2 Market forecasts for traction battery packs for new cars in units, ex factory price and value 2010-2020
9.5. Replacement market for car traction battery packs in value $ million 2010-2020
11.1. Prius NiMH traction battery evolution
12.1. 26 suppliers of military EVs
12.2. Global sales of military vehicle traction battery sets at one per new vehicle in number thousands, ex factory unit price in thousands of dollars and total value in billions of dollars 2011 to 2021, rounded.
13.1. 44 examples of manufacturers of EV electric water craft
13.2. AUV specifications, prices and market leaders
13.3. Global sales of marine craft traction battery sets at one per new vehicle, in number thousands, ex factory unit price in thousands of dollars and total value in billions of dollars 2011 to 2021, rounded.
14.1. 30 examples of manufacturers of mobile robots, toy, leisure, research or hobbyist EVs by country and product
14.2. Global sales of other electric vehicle traction battery sets at one per new vehicle, in number thousands, ex factory unit price in thousands of dollars and total value in billions of dollars 2011 to 2021, rounded.
FIGURES
1.1. Numbers of traction battery packs for two wheelers, cars and mobility for the disabled compared in thousands, sold globally in new vehicles, 2011 to 2021, by applicational sector
1.2. Numbers of traction battery packs consisting of heavy industrial, light industrial/commercial, golf car and caddy, military, marine and other compared in thousands, sold globally, 2011 to 2021, by applicational sector
1.3. Ex factory unit price of traction battery packs, in thousands of US dollars, sold globally, 2011 to 2021, by applicational sector
1.4. Global market value of traction battery packs, in millions of US dollars, sold globally, 2011 to 2021, by applicational sector, rounded
1.5. Here comes lithium
1.6. Market breakdown for light industrial and commercial electric vehicles in 2010 in $ billion – buses, other on road, airport GSE, other off road
1.7. Market breakdown for industrial and commercial electric vehicles in 2020 in billions of dollars – buses, other on road, off road
1.8. Possible evolution of affordable, mainstream electric cars and other electric vehicles that mainly employ conventional internal combustion engines today. This shows the convergence of hybrid and pure electric technologies
1.9. Evolution of lithium traction batteries 2010-2030
1.10. Geely IG solar car
1.11. Japanese ten meter long deep sea cruising AUV, the URASHIMA
1.12. Bionic dolphin
1.13. Deepflight Merlin
1.14. Cri-Cri pure electric stunt plane new in 2010
1.15. Oshkosh truck
1.16. Approximate percentage of manufacturers offering traction batteries with less cobalt vs those offering ones with no cobalt vs those offering both. We also show the number of suppliers that offer lithium iron phosphate versions
2.1. EV sectors with the largest gross sales value and profits over the years
2.2. Electric vehicle value chain
2.3. Comparison of cells, modules and battery packs.
2.4. Possible evolution of affordable, mainstream electric cars showing the convergence of hybrid and a pure electric technologies
2.5. Nikkei forecast of lithium battery cost reduction by year at 80 yen per dollar
2.6. Cost structure of lithium cobalt batteries according to Deutsche Bank Securities
2.7. Volumetric vs gravimetric energy density of batteries used in vehicles
2.8. Traction battery pack nominal energy storage vs battery pack voltage for mild hybrids in red, plug on hybrids in blue and pure electric cars in green
2.9. Battery specification based on end of life
2.10. Car traction battery operating requirements compared
3.1. Future improvement in power and energy density
3.2. Subaru lithium ion manganese battery
3.3. Mitsubishi lithium-ion batteries for cars
3.4. Lithium air batteries
3.5. Li-S Cell Configuration
3.6. Ragone plots for different rechargeable systems
3.7. Active Materials Transformation Diagram
3.8. Prototype lithium sulfur battery by Sion Power
4.1. East Penn lead acid battery for golf cars
4.2. Furukawa Cycle-service storage battery for Golf Cars
5.1. Chevrolet Volt lithium-ion battery
5.2. Chrysler electric minivan
5.3. Smith electric vehicle
5.4. Magna Steyr traction battery pack capability
5.5. Magna Steyr energy battery for pure electric and plug in hybrid cars
5.6. Magna Steyr power battery for hybrid cars
5.7. EVI truck powered by Valence lithium-ion batteries
5.8. Lishen Power battery products
5.9. Freightliner MT-45 step van uses 120kW Enova electric drive system
5.10. Electric pick up truck from China Vehicles Company
5.11. Ford Transit pure EV
6.1. The Electric Car (INEC-KARO) for the disabled from Interchina Industry Group
6.2. Zhejiang R&P Industry ES 413
7.1. Toshiba e-bike battery
7.2. Yamaha EC-f and EC-fs concept electric scooters
7.3. Yamaha EC03
7.4. Eko Vehicles ET-120 hybrid scooter
7.5. Honda EV Cub sports twin, front and rear electric drive motors
7.6. Peugeot E-Vivacity electric scooter planned for 2010
7.7. YikeBike in action
9.1. Nissan Leaf battery
9.2. Pininfarina Bollor B0 electric car powered by Bollor lithium polymer batteries
9.3. Pininfarina Bollor Bluecar cross section showing battery
9.4. LEV electric car by Qingyuan Motors
9.5. Continental lithium ion traction battery
9.6. Safety testing of Continental lithium ion traction batteries.
9.7. Enerdel traction battery
9.8. 25Ah lithium-ion battery cell for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles
9.9. LiFeBATT manufacture
9.10. IDTechEx projection for total car traction battery pack sales in $ billion 2011 to 2021
9.11. Market forecasts for traction battery packs for new cars in units 2010-2020
9.12. Market forecasts for traction battery packs for new cars ex factory price 2010-2020
9.13. Market forecasts for traction battery packs for new cars value in million dollars 2010-2020
9.14. Replacement market for car traction battery packs in value $ million 2010-2020
10.1. Gemcar
10.2. The planned Nissan Leaf pure electric car
10.3. Nissan leaf lithium traction batteries
10.4. The BYD E6 pure EV car
10.5. Jianghsu DHCLBC EF-1 car
10.6. Tesla Motors Roadster pure EV performance car
10.7. Tesla battery pack with coolant tubes at bottom.
10.8. The Lighting pure electric sports car
10.9. Subaru Stella pure electric vehicle
10.10. REVA pure EV car
10.11. The Club Car street legal car launched in 2009
10.12. Tara Tiny
10.13. Mitsubishi pure EV car
10.14. Mitsubishi i-MiEV
11.1. Evolution of EV design for on-road and many non-road vehicles
11.2. Frazer Nash Namir
11.3. Toyota Prius NiMH traction battery
11.4. Toyota Highlander Hybrid Battery
12.1. Altairnano view of some of the primary performance advantages of its lithium traction batteries
12.2. Hummer H3 ReEV Lithium Ion SuperPolymer battery pack made by Electrovaya.
12.3. Oshkosh truck
12.4. COM-BAT
13.1. Gavia defense AUV
13.2. Electric launch
13.3. The rigid-wing superyacht concept called ‘Soliloquy’
13.4. The British Scorpio remote controlled rescue vehicle that released the trapped Russian submarine in August 2005.
13.5. The Ocean Explorer AUV
13.6. A British Remote Controlled Mine Destruction Vehicle being lowered into the water
13.7. Deep Flight Aviator two-person leisure submarine
13.8. Seattle personal luxury submarine by US Submarines
14.1. The new Electrolux Automower
Publisher >> IDTechEx
Report Category: Battery Technology
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